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也谈谈环保――便便与纸巾的处理[代发]

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发表于 2007-11-9 11:35:21 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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好友Barracuda最近在研究有关环保的问题,现在把她学到的一些关于环境保护的东西发上来,大家一起探讨和实践

[size=medium]导言

   [size=medium]关于在没有公用设施的荒野地区中如何处置人类粪便废物(粪便,尿液和卫生纸等)的研究出现于20世纪70年代和80年代…

   在塔斯马尼亚公园和野生动物服务中,鼓励徒步者在基于环境安全的基础上处置如上废物。指南中有提醒露营者,厕所位置的选择至少离开水源100米以外,并且应该将这些人类废弃物(粪便和卫生纸等)埋于15厘米深的地下。同时也建议使用过的卫生棉应该带出自然区。这些指南都是基于起于美国的“不留任何痕迹”运动。 但是, 只有极少数的科学数据支持澳大利亚对此的引用。(所以教授做了长时间的研究和试验. 后面都是方法和一些结论,我只是翻译了主要的部分.)
讨论及结论:
……未漂白的卫生纸比漂白过的卫生纸分解得要快。卫生棉是最难分解的。
……数据记录得出具有最高的分解率的地区为那些温暖,相对干燥,非酸性的地区。
……分解率在夏末时期的分解率要比春季早夏期间要高…
……由于卫生棉的难分解性, 将之带出自然区的是必要的。
……
上述结果表明
1) 粪便,卫生纸或纸巾在海拔800米以上没有树木的地区, 建议带出自然区(西塔斯马尼亚);
2 )在高山地带(Alpine Area), 将废弃物安置在岩石下会比掩埋起来造成更大的环境影响;
3 )需要更长分解时间的卫生棉必须带离自然区。
……
   徒步者必须仔细选择厕所的位置. 选择在排水良好的灌木丛中要比选在排水不良, 以及泥煤性质的高山植被区或者湿地地区合适。

这是塔斯马尼亚的调查,不一定在广东地区合适,但是有些基本概念是可以的,时间不够,不能再多翻译了,也把英文的同时贴上去吧,有个借鉴。


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Introduction
       
Research into the impact of human faecal waste (faeces, urine and toilet paper) disposal on non-serviced wilderness areas appeared in the 1970s and in the 1980s. While recent studies have noted issues caused by unappropriate human faecal waste disposal in back-country areas, they have concentrated on other recreation impacts such as physical disturbances caused by camping and trampling, both in the US and Australia. This gap in the knowledge of recreation impacts is recognized and is especially important in a context of increased visitor use of the back-country.

A Minimal Impact Bushwalking (MIS) Strategy was adopted by the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service in an Attempt to encourage bushwalkers to dispose of their waste in an environmentally safe manner. These guidelines advise campers to choose a toilet site that is at least 100m away from any water source, where they should bury human waste (faeces and toilet paper) in a cat-hole approximately 15cm deep. They are also advised to carry out used tampons. These guidelines were based on the Leave No Trace campaign in the USA. However, there are very few scientific data supporting the Australian guidelines. Recent surveys of campsites revealed the degree of non-compliance with MIB guidelines, with many cases of unburied toilet paper and/or faeces being recorded.

The persistence of toilet paper around campsites is primarily an aesthetic issue, the importance of which escalates if Tasmania’s reputation as the ‘clean, green State’ is to be upheld, especially in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. There has been no published study that directly addresses the relative breakdown rates of toilet paper, tissues and tampons buried in the ground in natural environments. Limited information from North American research states that toilet paper is slow to breakdown, and may be dug up by animals. The practice of burning toilet paper is neither desirable in environments dominated by soils high in organic matter, nor is it a management option for the fire-free ‘fuel-stove only’ regions of western Tasmania. It has been suggested that recreationalists should carry our used toilet paper. While this suggestion has been publicized on some Tasmanian walk maps, it is not a general recommendation of the current Tasmanian MIB guidelines.

The research reported in this paper was undertaken to determine: whether the environments frequented by bushwalkers in Tasmania differed in their ability to break down toilet paper, tissues and tampons; the periods required for breakdown; the impact of nutrient additions on the breakdown of paper products; and, the influence of depth of burial, climatic and edaphic attributes on breakdown rates. The management implications of the results are discussed.

Methodology…

Discussion and Conclusion:

Unbleached toilet paper does break down faster than bleached toilet paper and tissues. However tampons stand our as being most resistant to decay, with the other products not strongly differentiated in their rates.

The sites that recorded the greatest decay rates were those that were warm, relatively dry and not acidic. Breakdown of most products was well advanced within 6 months of burial at these sites. Microbial activity, measured by cellulose assay, was also greater at these sites. Line found that the cellulose flocking used n disposable nappies decayed after 5 months in warm environments with neutral, fertile soils.

… Higher decay rates during the late summer-autumn period than during the spring-early summer period has also been reported elsewhere. However, our data show that three sites (coastal eucalypt, subalpine rainforest, montane moorland) recorded greater decay in the cooler months than in the warmer months for the fertilized bags.

Depth of burial is an important factor in decay at sites where soils freeze. Under such conditions, there is a difference in decay with depth down the soil profile during the early summer, though this difference is not evident later in the season. Our data show depth of burial to be largely unimportant across all sites in Tasmania, but in wetter areas where water tables are within 15cm of the surface, paper products are likely to decay more readily at 5cm depth than in 15cm depth. While decay may be slightly enhanced at shallower burial depths, access of faeces to native animals and transport of faecal bacteria may occur more readily at 5 cm depth than at 15cm depth. The burial of waste under rocks at the soil surface does not increase decay, and is inadvisable from a public health point of view.

… Environmental acceptability relates to variation from the natural condition of the soil, which would obviously be considerable where deposits remain intact over several years. In alpine and high altitude moorland environments decay is extremely slow. In our judgement it is both socially and environmentally undesirable to continue to advise people to bury their wastes in these environments. This would not be a major imposition on walkers, as locations in these environments are usually in close proximity to forest or scrub vegetation, which provide more privacy than buttongrass moorland and alpine vegetation.

If anything is to be carried out, tampons are an appropriate target. .. Walkers may place their waste under rocks in alpine areas because they are reluctant to damage alpine vegetation by digging. We hope that the results of this research and those from our vegetation study will convince them that it is less environmentally harmful to bury their waste than to leave it exposed.

Soil depth proved sufficient in parts of all our sites to enable burial of waste at 15cm, as is suggested by the code. However, obstructions such as roots, rocks or very hard clay soil made it difficult to dig a hole 15cm deep at some sites. Digging to that depth was impossible to severely challenging at most sites using plastic trowels of the kind sold in many outdoor stores. …so the 15 cm recommendation in the code should stand.

The above results suggest that the minimum impact bushwalking code should be amended to:1) to recommend no disposal of faeces, toilet paper or tissues in treeless vegetation above 800m in western Tasmania; 2) to emphasise that placement of waste under rocks causes more environmental harm than disposal by burial, even in alpine environments. 3) to emphasise that strong metal trowels are necessary to excavate holes for defecation in most wild places. The significantly longer decomposition times for tampons campared to toilet paper supports the current policy of carrying out tampons.

Walkers should also choose their toilet site carefully. Choose a well-drained soil in woody vegetation rather than a poorly drained soil or peat in alpine or moorland vegetation.


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发表于 2007-11-9 13:10:53 | 显示全部楼层

最简单的方法,拿根树枝搅散一下,分解得更快…… 只是名字不好听:“搅屎棍”~~ :)

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发表于 2007-11-9 13:31:17 | 显示全部楼层

好!

[sign][purple]★・●・★・●・★・●・★
无愧无悔,简单快乐[/purple][/sign]

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发表于 2007-11-9 15:33:24 | 显示全部楼层

谢谢吁吁

感谢感谢。昨天怎么弄都上不来,今天一下就上来可以发言了。:)

让吁吁发这些东西的目的是因为有次和Karl聊天,说看到国外环境保护为啥可以做得那么好。我觉得除了资金的问题外,教育也扮演了非常重要的角色。因为上几个星期去一个当地的show玩,居然发现很多项目都扮演了教育小朋友环境,动物和人的关系。这儿的自然教育基本到处都有,博物馆也是免费进入的。常可以见到很小的孩子就由父母或者学校带着过来学习。

这些让我感慨良多。

后来就想,不如把我学的有用的东西发上来提供给大家讨论。不过学的有些是澳洲的情况,不一定适用。但是也许可以由此得到启发,什么是应该的,什么是不该的。这篇文章是我阅读的一个资料,不过一拿来想翻译的时候就蒙掉了。。。怎么那么多。所以只是译了结论部分。如果对过程方法感兴趣,我可以将整篇文章发给有兴趣的人。贴上来的英文部分也比中文多。我翻译水平太差,凑合看着好了。

那天在看黑竹沟的照片,发现居然有些应该是温带雨林?(看那些植被很像。错了不要拍我,我也是才学)。如此丰富的植被,在国外都是严禁踩入的。因为有些植被需要很多年才长好。

用搅屎棍的办法。。。其实拉,暴露在外也有怕有动物接触了这些人类的污物后会得到疾病(人传染动物)。所以有一些人甚至是将吃剩的果核带出去的。

不知道大家有没有兴趣。如果有,我以后还会再发。如果没有,那就算了。

谢谢karl,谢谢絮絮
来自旧版论坛的签名没有风 雨不会更美丽

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发表于 2007-11-9 15:53:25 | 显示全部楼层

汗.......

谢我干吗?
我要谢谢你,大自然的东东懂得太少啊!!!!!

希望能继续看到鱼同学的作业啊.....

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发表于 2007-11-9 15:57:36 | 显示全部楼层

学习初步成果:

1\女同学爬山确实是要辛苦点;
2\以后方便要带一小铲啊.....

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发表于 2007-11-9 16:34:55 | 显示全部楼层

谢谢,还好大部分都做到了,继续努力,希望有更多知识学习!

下次尽量不找岩石的附近方便.
来自旧版论坛的签名*在我的幻想还没僵硬前,让我和黑夜一起流逝*

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发表于 2007-11-10 02:20:26 | 显示全部楼层

我的意思是深埋之前用棍子搅一下…… 我没说清楚。要原样带回家有一点点难度……

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发表于 2007-11-10 07:32:59 | 显示全部楼层

是难度很大

埋了已经是将影响降到最小了。

带回家。。。。是非一般的难度。。。我承认,我做不到。。。
来自旧版论坛的签名没有风 雨不会更美丽

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发表于 2007-11-13 11:47:16 | 显示全部楼层

阿卡下次带队带一小铲啊

难怪我那么喜欢跟你的队呢
就是周到
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也谈谈环保――便便与纸巾的处理[代发] 嘘嘘 2007-11-09
最简单的方法,拿根树枝搅散一下,分解得更快…… 只是名字不好听:“搅屎棍”~~ :) Passer 2007-11-09
好! 爱玛 2007-11-09
谢谢吁吁 barracuda 2007-11-09
汗....... karl001 2007-11-09
学习初步成果: karl001 2007-11-09
阿卡下次带队带一小铲啊 傻傻的嘟嘟 2007-11-13
我的意思是深埋之前用棍子搅一下…… 我没说清楚。要原样带回家有一点点难度…… Passer 2007-11-10
是难度很大 barracuda 2007-11-10
谢谢,还好大部分都做到了,继续努力,希望有更多知识学习! sandy0715 2007-11-09
二日的活动我一般都是带下山,哈哈~~ ilovepp 2007-11-18
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